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Introduction
The content of this article can be found in the form of a Prezi presentation https://prezi.com/jyetuybfy-wh/english-vowels-main-presentation/
Nội dung chính
- Introduction
- General description of American English vowels
- Pronunciation of [ɪ]
- The tense/relax distinction for [i:] and [ɪ]
- Pronunciation of [u:]
- Pronunciation of [ʊ]
- Pronunciation of [ɑ:]
- Pronunciation of [ɔ:]
- Pronunciation of [ʌ]
- Pronunciation of [e]
- Pronunciation of [æ]
- Pronunciation of [ɜ:]
- Pronunciation of the schwa sound [ə]
- Which vowel sound is produced when the tongue is high?
- What vowel sounds are produced in front tongue position?
- Which vowel is pronounced with the tongue close mid and in front?
- Which vowels are produced through the center of the tongue?
This is a brief examination of the pronunciation of American English vowels. The predominant
tenet in language teaching – least in Spain and in the case of English- is to teach pronunciation through repetition. It should be clear by now that given the great diversity of phonological phenomena, pronunciation should be taught systematically, through precise description of the organs involved in the articulation along with their positions, and of course through thorough and carefully planned practice. If it were true that mere repetition would suffice to acquire a good pronunciation,
continuous exposure to the language would make us all speak like natives without discernible trace of our original accent. Alas, reality is quite stubborn and we all know examples of non-native speakers who hold a strong accent in spite of their living in the country for many years. Unquestionably, a systematic, comprehensive method of learning pronunciation is needed, if certain standards of intelligibility have to be achieved. Moreover, not only should be mutual understanding a legitimate
goal, but also a faithful and well-enunciated accent. Native speakers of any language rightly infer that behind a dreadful pronunciation there cannot be a good grammar.
The first step in the study of English pronunciation is that of vowel sounds, the building blocks of spoken words. Compared to Spanish, where there are only 5 rather simple vowel sounds, English exhibits a greater variety of vowel sounds, ranging between 12 and 16 depending on the particular variety of English (most
languages have around 5-8 vowels). In this article we will review American English mostly, with occasional references to British English.
To illustrate our explanations we will borrow some of the excellent videos from the website Rachel’s English [RE]. Her videos contain detailed, informative descriptions of how to pronounce vowels, including good graphics. Symbols from the
international phonetics alphabet (IPA) will be used to described sounds (see [W-IPA]). However, on the website Rachel’s English they also employ other symbols easier to code on a web page. For the sake of clarity, below we give a table with the equivalence.
IPA
SYMBOLS RACHELSENGLISH
SYMBOLSIPA
SYMBOLS RACHELSENGLISH
SYMBOLS
i:
ee
ɜ:
ur
ɪ
ih
ə
uh (as in supply)
u:
oo
aɪ
aɪ
ʊ
uh (as in pull)
aʊ
ow
ɑ:
ah
eɪ
ay
ɔ:
aw
eə
–
ʌ
uh (as in butter)
ɪə
–
æ
aa
oʊ
oh (as in no)
e
eh
ɔɪ
oy
ʊə
–
Table 1: Phonetic symbols.
General description of American English vowels
A vowel is a sound produced by making the vocal chords vibrate and letting the air pass through the oral cavity without obstruction. Vowels are always part of syllables. What organs can then modify the air flow as it passes through the oral cavity? Esentially, three: the tongue, the most active and flexible one, and the lips and the jaw, with less freedom of movement.
The position of the tongue determines the production of the different vowels. The position of the tongue is governed by two factors: first, vocal height, its position with respect to the roof of the mouth; second, the vocal backness its position with respect of the mouth as measured from front to back. The height of the tongue may range from open, as in [ɑ], to close, as in [i]. In general, there are three distinctive positions, namely, open, mid and close positions, and
also other in-between, more subtle positions, near-open, open-mid, close-mid, and near-close positions. Notice that vocal height is somewhat associated to jaw-opening or jaw-dropping. The tongue is a very flexible and quick muscle that may be positioned several places in the mouth. Its position within the mouth defines the vocal backness. The tongue may be the back, almost touching the soft palate or velum, as in the sounds [ʌ] and [u]; it may be a central position,
as in [ə]; or it may be the front, almost reaching the teeth, as in [i].
A third feature that affects the quality of a vowel is whether the lips are rounded or not. This is called the roundness of the vowel. For example, [u] is pronounced by rounding the lips, but [ɑ] is not (it is an unrounded vowel). As we will see later on, in English lip position is not just reduced to rounded and unrounded (neutral) , but lips can take up other positions such as
spread (stretched back) .
Figure 1 below depicts all the American English vowels (plus a British sound [ɒ]) as a function of vocal height and vocal backness. In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a rounded vowel (in which the lips are rounded), while the left is its unrounded counterpart.
Although not related directly with sound production, in English sound duration is contrastive, i.e. vowels can be distinguished according to their length. There are
two types of vowels: short vowels and long vowels. A colon (:) in front a vowel means that the sound is long, as in [i:]. In Rachel’s English web page [RE], vowel length is not shown by adding a colon in front of the IPA symbol. Since each sound has a unique symbol, either long or short, strictly speaking it is not necessary to add the colon. We will not follow that convention and we
will mark vowel length with a colon.
Jaw-dropping, although it is seems a secondary feature, plays a role in the pronunciation of English vowels, particularly if accent reduction is pursued.
Another contrastive quality of English vowels is tenseness. There is no clear, agreed definition of what this vowel quality consists of. Some authors refer to the degree of tension in the tongue during articulation
[Pay07], while others claims that tense vowels are articulated with a more advanced tongue root than lax vowels [LM96]. According to tenseness, vowels are classified as tense, which are produced with a greater stiffness of the tongue, and lax, where the tongue is not that stiff. All tense vowels are long, except for [æ]. In
Figure 1 tense vowels are enclosed in squares.
In English, no word ends with a lax vowel. For example, the word very is pronounced as [‘veri], and not as [‘verɪ].
Figure 1: English vowels.
In the following American English vowel sounds will be described in terms of backness (front, central, back), height (open, mid, close), lip
position (spread, unrounded, rounded), length (short, long), jaw-dropping, and tenseness (tense, lax).
Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel. It appears in words such as see[si:], or heat[hi:t].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is as far forward as possible in the mouth. The middle part of the tongue is curved, almost touching the roof of the mouth, while the tip is behind the bottom front teeth.
- Lip position: Lips are
very spread, like in a smile. The corner of the lips are pulled wide. - Jaw-dropping: The jaw is fairly closed, but the teeth do not touch.
- Length: [i:] is long sound.
- Tenseness: [i:] is a tense sound.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HuIAwQxEM4
Common spellings for sound [i:] are: ee and ea, as in bee[bi:], or, as in easy[‘i:zi]; less common spellings are e, as in
these[ði:z]; ey, as in key[ki:]; i, as in kilo[‘ki:loʊ]; eo, as in people[‘pi:pl].
Pronunciation of [ɪ]
Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel, as in it[ɪt], hit[hɪt].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is curved in the middle, but the tip is down, just behind the bottom front teeth. In this sound the tongue is not as close to the roof of the mouth as it is in sound [i:].
- Lip
position: Lips are in a neutral position; the corners of the lips are still pulled back a little bit, but without tension. - Jaw-dropping: The jaw is completely relaxed
- Length: [ɪ] is a short sound.
- Tenseness: [ɪ] is a lax vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BAYrt2oER8
The commonest spellings for sound [ɪ] is i, as in six[sɪks], cinema[‘sɪnəmə], or
dinner[‘dɪnər]; a less common spelling is u, as in busy[‘bɪzi].
The tense/relax distinction for [i:] and [ɪ]
In the next video the difference between [i:] and [ɪ] in terms of the distinction tense/lax is explained.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq7Rmbt7_qQ
Pronunciation of [u:]
Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel, as in moon[mu:n], or
use[ju:z].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The back part of the tongue raises toward the soft palate, while the front part of the tongue is down, just behind the bottom front teeth.
- Lip position: Lips take up a very rounded position, projected away from the mouth.
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw is closed and the teeth do not touch.
- Length: [u:] is long sound.
- Tenseness: [u:] is a tense sound.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klJQmJpmjdc
Common spellings for [u:] are oo, as in boo[bu:]; oe, as in shoe[ʃu:]; ou, as in route[ru:t]; ue, as in clue[klu:]. This sound often appears in the pair [ju:] associated with spellings ew and u, as in few[fju:] and music[‘mju:zik].
Pronunciation of [ʊ]
Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel, as in
put[pʊt], or book[bʊk].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): It is a very similar position to that of [u:]. The back part of the tongue raises toward the soft palate, without actually touching it, while the tip of the tongue rests down behind the bottom front teeth. However, the difference with [u:] is that the back part of the tongue is raised less, and the tongue itself is not as back as before.
- Lip position: Again, the lips are rounded, but not as much as in
[u:], where they are very much projected forward. - Jaw-dropping: The jaw is closed and the teeth do not touch.
- Length: [ʊ] is a short sound.
- Tenseness: [ʊ] is a lax vowel. Both the tongue and the lips are less stiff than in [u:].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrIPpIfC8e4
Common spellings for [ʊ] are oo, as in book[bʊk]. Notice that in general oo is pronounced as [u:], but
the spelling ook is an exception and it is always pronounced as [ʊk]. Other common spellings are u and ou, as in full[fʊl] and would[wʊd].
Pronunciation of [ɑ:]
Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel, as in heart[hɑ:t], or palm[pɑ:m].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is really flat in the mouth. The back part of the tongue is pulled back in the mouth, but the tip is just behind the bottom front teeth.
- Lip position: Lips are in neutral position.
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw drops more than in any other vowel. The tongue presses down a little.
- Length: [ɑ:] is a long sound.
- Tenseness: [ɑ:] is a tense vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWO6g9x-TgI
Common spellings for [ɑ:] are ar and a, as in father[‘fɑ:ðər], or farther[ˈfɑ:rðər]
Pronunciation of [ɔ:]
Sound
[ɔ:] is an open-mid back rounded long tense vowel, as in thought[θɔ:t], or caught[kɔ:t].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is more raised than in the case of [ɑ:] and is placed in the middle. The tongue as a whole is raised, that is, both the tip and the back part. The tongue is pulled back a little and the tip does not touch the teeth.
- Lip position: Lips take up the rounded position. The position for these vowel is less marked than in vowel
[u:]. - Jaw-dropping: The jaw drops, not as much as in the case of [ɑ:].
- Length: [ɔ:] is a long sound.
- Tenseness: [ɔ:] is a tense vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6fEHqj8U84
Common spellings for [ɔ:] are the following: a, as in all[ɔ:]; al, as in walk[wɔ:k]; au, as in autonomy[ɔ:’tɑ:nəmi]; aw, as in saw[sɔ:]; augh, as in caught[kɔ:t]; ough, as in
cought[kɔ:t]; ar, as in warm[wɔ:rm]; or, as in born[bɔ:rn]; oor, as in door[dɔ:r]; ore, as in before[bɪ’fɔ:r]; or our, as in four[fɔ:r].
Pronunciation of [ʌ]
Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel, as in hut[hʌt], or nothing[‘nʌθɪŋ].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is relaxed and slightly pressed down in the back. It is also flat in shape as opposed to other vowel sounds where
the tongue is curled. As for height, it is raised a little more than in vowel [ɑ:], where the tongue is as low as possible. - Lip position: Lips are in neutral position.
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw is in neutral position, near to rest position. It is not as open as in vowel [ɑ:].
- Length: [ʌ] is a short sound.
- Tenseness: This is a lax vowel, as attested by the tongue and lip positions.
Sometimes vowels [ɑ:] and [ʌ] are confused. Apart from length and tenseness,
jaw-dropping stresses some differences. Because of the jaw-dropping in vowel [ɑ:], the volume createdin the mouth for the air to go through is greater than in the case of vowel [ʌ]. That gives a different timbral quality to each vowel. Check the tongue positions out on the videos.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJupiMmsbx0
The commonest spelling is u, as in bus[bʌs], mother[‘mʌðər], or
under[‘ʌndər]. Less frequent spellings are ou, as in month[mʌŋθ], and ou, as in country[‘kʌntri].
Pronunciation of [e]
Sound [e] is an open-mid front unrounded short lax vowel, as in bed[bed], red[red]. Strictly speaking, the IPA symbol for this sound [ɛ]. Following authoritative dictionaries, such as the Oxford Dictionary and others, we will use the easier symbol [e] for this sound.
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): Since this
is a front vowel the tongue is pulled forwards. The mid part of the tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth. The tip of the tongue rests against the bottom front teeth. In the video an interested observation is pointed out. The tongue is somewhat widened, a feature not very often taken into account. - Lip position: Lips are not rounded and are near the rest position.
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw is open a little.
- Length: [e] is a short sound.
- Tenseness: [e] is a lax
vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceypHjIf9NY
The commonest spelling is e, as in leg[leg], credit[‘kredɪt]. Other spellings are ea, as in dead[ded]; ie, as in friend[frend]; a, as in any[eni]; or ai, as in again[ə’gen].
Pronunciation of [æ]
Sound [æ] is a near-open front unrounded short tense vowel [æ], as in man[mæn], or
hat[hæt].
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The back part of the tongue is raised a little; the front of the tongue stretches forward and presses behind the bottom front teeth. The production of this sound requires stretching of the tongue.
- Lip position: Lips are more spread than in the rest position but less than in vowel [i:].
- Jaw-dropping: The production of this sound requires a large opening jaw. This vowel will not sound natural unless the jaw drops as needed.
- Length:
[æ] is a short vowel. - Tenseness: This is a tense vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uc-4bPsST0
The usual spelling for this sound is a, as in bat[bæt], or carry[‘kæri]. Many monosyllabic words with a are pronounced with [æ], such as bat, cat, fat, gap, hat, rat, or sat.
Pronunciation of [ɜ:]
[ɜ:] is an open-mid central unrounded long tense vowel, as in
fur[fɜ:], or bird[bɜ:d]. In American English is always followed by a retroflex approximant, the so-called rhotic accent (see [Go12] for further information on rhotic accent).
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): As central vowel, the tongue raises towards the roof of the mouth in the middle and even touches lightly the top teeth. However,
the tip of the tongue hangs down, but it is not close to the bottom front teeth. Again, the video makes an important point by remarking that the tongue is fattened. - Lip position: The lips are slightly rounded, but not as much as in [u:] or [ɔ:].
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw is in neutral position.
- Length: [ɜ:] is a long vowel.
- Tenseness: [ɜ:] is a tense vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4uNG4afo14
Common spellings are: ir, as in first[fɜ:st]; or, as in word[wɜ:rd]; ur, as in fur[fɜ:r]; our, as in journey[dʒɜ:rni]; ear, as in early[ɜ:li]; or er, as in were[wɜ:r].
Pronunciation of the schwa sound [ə]
[ə] is a mid central unrounded short lax vowel, as in about[ə’baʊt], interesting[‘ɪntrəstɪŋ]. The schwa always goes
on an unstressed syllable. Partly due to vowel reduction, this is the commonest sound in American English.
- Position of the tongue (backness/height): The tongue is relaxed and flat, placed mid height in the mouth. The back part of the tongue is slightly pulled back and the tip is just behind the bottom front teeth.
- Lip position: Lips are very relaxed and in neutral position.
- Jaw-dropping: The jaw is in a rest position without the teeth quite touching.
- Length:
[ə] is a short vowel. - Tenseness: [ə] is a lax vowel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rM9NxK74JSE
The schwa appears in many spellings; for example, in a, as in abide[ə’baid]; in e, as in fether[‘feðər]; in o, as in continue[kən’tɪnju:], or in u, as in supply[sə’paɪ],
References
- [Go12] Paco Gómez.
British and American English pronunciation differences. Web page published on the 10th of January, 2012. - [LM96] Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996.
- [Pay07] Tom Payne.
Applied Phonetics and Phonology. TESOL Hanyang University. 2007. Presentation slides. Accessed in January, 2012. - [RE]
Rachel’s English. Website offering a great giảm giá of excellent material to learn correctly American English pronunciation. - [W-IPA] Wikipedia. International Phonetic Alphabet. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Which vowel sound is produced when the tongue is high?
In high vowels, such as [i] and [u], the tongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as [a], the tongue is positioned low in the mouth. Sometimes the terms open and close are used as synonyms for low and high for describing vowels.
What vowel sounds are produced in front tongue position?
The front vowels in American English are /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, and /æ/, and are made with the front of the tongue arched. Practice going from high to low by saying the following words. Your tongue, and possibly jaw, should drop slightly for each vowel.
Which vowel is pronounced with the tongue close mid and in front?
To make the /ɛ/ sound:
This vowel is a mid-front vowel. Position your tongue mid-height in your mouth, and shift it toward the front. The muscles of your lips and mouth should be relaxed. Vibrate your vocal cords with your mouth in this position.
Which vowels are produced through the center of the tongue?
The central vowels, as their name suggests, are pronounced in the center of the mouth. The lips are relaxed and unrounded, the tongue raised to mid height in the center. The distinction between /ə/ and /ʌ/ is not really noticeable for the most part.
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