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The endocrine system uses hormones to control and coordinate your body toàn thân’s internal metabolism (or homeostasis) energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and environmental factors. Consider the following hormones and their role in the workings of the endocrine system:
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- What are hormones?
- What do hormones do?
- Which body toàn thân tissues make hormones?
- What conditions are caused by hormone issues?
- What causes hormonal imbalances?
- What is it called when hormones work together?
- When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect it is called?
- How do hormones work together?
- What is produced when two Diiodotyrosine couple together?
Where the hormone is produced
Hormone(s) secreted
Hormone function
Adrenal glands
Aldosterone
Regulates salt, water balance, and blood pressure
Adrenal glands
Corticosteroid
Controls key functions in the body toàn thân; acts as an anti-inflammatory; maintains blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and muscle strength; regulates salt and water balance
Pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Affects water retention in kidneys; controls blood pressure
Pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Controls production of sex hormones (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) and the production of eggs in women and sperm in men.
Pituitary gland
Growth hormone (GH)
Affects growth and development; stimulates protein production; affects fat distribution
Pituitary gland
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Controls production of sex hormones (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) and the production of eggs in women and sperm in men
Pituitary gland
Oxytocin
Stimulates contraction of uterus and milk ducts in the breast
Pituitary gland
Prolactin
Initiates and maintains milk production in breasts; impacts sex hormone levels
Pituitary gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
Kidneys
Renin and angiotensin
Controls blood pressure, both directly and also by regulating aldosterone production from the adrenal glands
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Affects red blood cell (RBC) production
Pancreas
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar levels
Pancreas
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels; stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat
Ovaries
Estrogen
Affects development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive development, important for functioning of uterus and breasts; also protects bone health
Ovaries
Progesterone
Stimulates the lining of the uterus for fertilization; prepares the breasts for milk production
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Most important regulator of blood calcium levels
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
Controls metabolism; also affects growth, maturation, nervous system activity, and metabolism
Adrenal glands
Epinephrine
Increases heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow
Adrenal glands
Norepinephrine
Maintains blood pressure
Testes (testicles)
Testosterone
Develop and maintain male sexual characteristics and maturation
Pineal gland
Melatonin
Releases melatonin during night hours to help with sleep
Hypothalamus
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Regulates growth hormone release in the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Regulates thyroid stimulating hormone release in the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Regulates LH/FSH production in the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Regulates adrenocorticotropin release in the pituitary gland
Thymus
Humoral factors
Helps develop the lymphoid system
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body toàn thân by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body toàn thân what to do and when to do it. Hormones are essential for life and your
health.
Scientists have identified over 50 hormones in the human body toàn thân so far.
Hormones and most of the tissues (mainly glands) that create and release them make up your endocrine system. Hormones control many different bodily processes, including:
- Metabolism.
- Homeostasis
(constant internal balance), such as blood pressure and blood sugar regulation, fluid (water) and electrolyte balance and body toàn thân temperature. - Growth and development.
- Sexual
function. - Reproduction.
- Sleep-wake cycle.
- Mood.
With hormones, a little bit goes a long way. Because of this, minor changes in levels can cause significant changes to your body toàn thân and lead to certain conditions that require medical treatment.
What do hormones do?
Hormones are chemical messengers that affect and manage hundreds of bodily processes. Often, a bodily process involves a chain reaction of several different
hormones.
A hormone will only act on a part of your body toàn thân if it “fits” — if the cells in the target tissue have receptors that receive the message of the hormone. Think of a hormone as a key and the cells of its target tissue, such as an organ or fat tissue, as specially shaped locks. If the hormone fits the lock (receptor) on the cell wall, then it’ll work; the hormone will deliver a message that causes the target site to take a specific action.
Your body toàn thân uses hormones for two types
of communication. The first type is communication between two endocrine glands: One gland releases a hormone, which stimulates another gland to change the levels of hormones that it’s releasing. An example of this is the communication between your pituitary gland and thyroid. Your pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers your thyroid gland to release its hormones, which then affect various aspects of your body toàn thân.
The second type of communication is between
an endocrine gland and a target organ. An example of this is when your pancreas releases insulin, which then acts on your muscles and liver to help process glucose.
Which body toàn thân tissues make hormones?
Specialized glands that make up your endocrine system make and release most of the hormones in your body toàn thân. A gland is an organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat or tears. Endocrine glands release hormones
directly into your bloodstream.
Your endocrine system consists of the following glands:
- Hypothalamus.
- Pituitary gland.
- Pineal gland.
- Thyroid.
- Parathyroid glands.
- Adrenal glands.
- Pancreas.
- Ovaries.
- Testes.
But not all
organs and tissues that release hormones or hormone-like substances are considered part of the endocrine system. Other body toàn thân tissues that release hormones include:
- Adipose tissue (fat tissue).
- Kidneys.
- Liver.
- Gut (gastrointestinal tract).
- Placenta.
Hypothalamus
Your hypothalamus is a small region of your brain that connects to your pituitary gland through the pituitary stalk. It releases several hormones that control your pituitary gland.
Your hypothalamus makes the following hormones:
- Corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
- Dopamine.
- Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- Oxytocin (your hypothalamus makes oxytocin, but your pituitary gland stores and releases it).
- Somatostatin.
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Pituitary gland
Your pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland the base of your brain, behind the bridge of your nose and directly below your hypothalamus. It consists of two lobes: the posterior lobe and the anterior
lobe. Your pituitary gland releases several hormones — many of which control the functions of other endocrine glands.
The anterior pituitary makes and releases the following six hormones:
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin).
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- Growth hormone (GH).
- Luteinizing hormone (LH).
- Prolactin.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
The posterior pituitary releases the following hormones:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin).
- Oxytocin.
Pineal gland
Your pineal gland is a tiny gland in your brain that’s located beneath the back part of the corpus callosum (nerve fibers
that connect the two parts of your brain). It releases the hormone melatonin, which helps control your sleep-wake cycle.
Thyroid gland
Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located the front of your neck under your skin. Your thyroid’s main job is to control the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate), which is the process of how your body toàn thân transforms the food you consume into energy.
Your thyroid releases the following hormones:
- Thyroxine
(T4). - Triiodothyronine (T3).
- Reverse triiodothyronine (RT3).
- Calcitonin.
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are often collectively called “thyroid hormone.”
Parathyroid glands
Most people have four pea-sized parathyroid glands located behind their thyroid gland (the butterfly-shaped gland in your neck). Sometimes, your
parathyroid glands are located along your esophagus or in your chest. These are known as ectopic (in an abnormal place) parathyroid glands.
The main job of your parathyroid glands is to release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is responsible for the calcium balance in your blood and bone health.
Adrenal glands
Your adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal
glands, are small, triangle-shaped glands that are located on top of each of your two kidneys.
Your adrenal glands make the following hormones:
- Cortisol.
- Aldosterone.
- DHEA and androgens.
- Adrenaline (epinephrine).
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Pancreas
Your pancreas is an organ in the back of your abdomen (belly). It’s part of your digestive system and endocrine system.
The islet cells (endocrine cells) in your pancreas make the following hormones:
- Insulin.
- Glucagon.
Ovaries
People assigned female birth (AFAB) have two ovaries — each located on both sides of their uterus below the opening of the fallopian tubes. In addition to containing the egg cells necessary for reproduction, the ovaries produce the following hormones:
- Estrogen.
- Progesterone.
- Testosterone.
Testes
People assigned male birth (AMAB) have two testes that hang in a pouch outside of their body toàn thân below their penis. The testes are part of the male reproductive system and produce sperm and the hormone
testosterone.
Adipose tissue (fat tissue)
Adipose tissue is commonly known as body toàn thân fat. It’s located all over your body toàn thân, including under your skin, around internal organs, between muscles, in bone marrow and breast tissue.
Adipose tissue makes and releases the following hormones:
- Leptin.
- Adiponectin.
- Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
- Estrogen.
- Angiotensin.
Kidneys
Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter your blood. They’re part of your urinary system, but they also produce hormones, including:
- Erythropoietin.
- Renin.
- The active form of vitamin D (vitamin D isn’t actually a vitamin — it’s a prohormone, which is a substance that your body toàn thân converts
into a hormone).
Liver
Your liver is an essential organ and gland, performing hundreds of functions necessary to sustain life. It’s considered part of your digestive system, but also produces hormones, including:
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
- Angiotensinogen.
Gut
(gastrointestinal tract)
Your gut (gastrointestinal tract) is the long, connected tube that starts your mouth and ends your anus. It’s responsible for digestion. Scientists are currently studying the hormones that your gut makes and their effects. These hormones include:
- Ghrelin.
- Somatostatin.
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).
Placenta
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in your uterus during
pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. The placenta produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.
What conditions are caused by hormone issues?
Dozens of medical conditions are caused by hormone issues. For most hormones, having too much or too little of them causes
symptoms and issues with your health. These imbalances often require treatment. Some of the most common hormone-related conditions include:
- Diabetes, including Type 2 diabetes, Type 1 diabetes and
gestational diabetes. - Thyroid disease, including hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels) and
hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels). - Irregular menstruation (periods), caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),
amenorrhea and anovulation. - Female infertility.
- Male infertility — more specifically,
low testosterone levels (hypogonadism). - Obesity.
What causes hormonal imbalances?
Each hormone-related condition can have several different possible causes. In general, the main
conditions or situations that cause hormone imbalances include:
- Tumors, adenomas or other growths.
- Damage or injury to an endocrine gland.
- Autoimmune conditions.
- Hereditary gene
mutations (changes) that cause problems with the structure and/or function of an endocrine gland.
Primary healthcare providers can diagnose and help you manage many hormone conditions. However, you may benefit from seeing an endocrinologist.
An endocrinologist is a healthcare provider who specializes in endocrinology, a field of medicine that studies conditions related to your hormones. An endocrinologist can diagnose endocrine (hormone) conditions, develop treatment and
management plans for them and prescribe medication.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Hormones are an important and essential part of human existence. While your body toàn thân normally carefully balances its hormones, having too little or too much of a certain hormone can lead to health problems. If you’re experiencing any concerning symptoms, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider. They can order tests to see if you have a hormone imbalance or if something else is
causing your symptoms.
What is it called when hormones work together?
The hormones created and released by the glands in your body toàn thân’s endocrine system control nearly all the processes in your body toàn thân. These chemicals help coordinate your body toàn thân’s functions, from metabolism to growth and development, emotions, mood, sexual function and even sleep. Appointments 216.444.6568.
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect it is called?
permissiveness. Permissiveness is the phenomena where one hormone is required for another hormone to be able to exert its full effects. For example, thyroid hormones first act on cells and increase the number of epinephrine receptors available.
How do hormones work together?
Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream. Hormones can be thought of as chemical messages. From the blood stream, the hormones communicate with the body toàn thân by heading towards their target cell to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell.
What is produced when two Diiodotyrosine couple together?
Triiodothyronine is formed, when diiodotyrosine is combined with monoiodotyrosine (in the colloid of the thyroid follicle). Two molecules of DIT combine to make the thyroid hormone thyroxine (‘T4’ and ‘T3’).
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