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-Size and wealth are no longer entirely accurate measures of an interest group’s influence.
-Interest groups require organization to be effective in their goals.
Nội dung chính Show
- What is lobbying in government quizlet?
- Which type of lobbying is typically aimed citizens?
- What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests quizlet?
- Which of the following is an example of lobbying?
INFORMATION:
-The single most important tactic of interest groups is supplying credible information.
-Information is in short supply for legislators who must take positions on a staggering number of issues.
-Nobody needs a lobbyist to access publicly available information, but politicians often covet
information that is highly detailed, specific, up-to-date, and not public available in an easy-to-find form.
-Lobbyist are specialists who gather information and present in as organized, persuasive and factual a manner as possible.
-Misrepresentation or bad advice can embarrass a legislator who takes it and repels the one who detects it in the end leading to the distrust of the lobbyist. The need of contacts and credibility to maintain trust keeps the lobbyist from misrepresentation or bad
advice.
-The value of the information provided by a lobbyist is often greatest when the issue is fairly narrow. Public officials not only want technical information they also want political cues.
-One important way in which these political cues are made known is by ratings that interest groups make of legislators. These ratings are designed to generate public tư vấn for various legislators.
-Both political information and political cues are becoming much more popular.
EARMARKS:
-Information
can be linked to influence. Lobbyists not only tell facts they also learn information from Washington about what they are doing and they look for ways to sell that.
-Earmarks are a provision in a law that provides a direct benefit to a client without the benefit having been review on the merits by all of Congress.
-Earmarks have become common lately for two reasons:
1. The Federal Government was doing much more and thus affecting more parts of the society.
2. Lobbying organizations
figured out that clients would pay for information about how to convert some bit of federal activity to their benefit.
-In 2008, there were more than 11,000 earmarks that had been approved by Congress.
-Many members of Congress thing earmarks are good: Why should only the president or congressional committees decide on what things Congress should spend its money?
PUBLIC SUPPORT: THE RISE OF NEW POLITICS:
-Lobbyists mainly used to use an insider strategy: they worked closely with a
few key members of Congress, meeting them privately to exchange information and favors. Things could be discussed leisurely over matters where public opinion did not matter.
-Now, interest groups have taken a more outsider strategy which is useful due to the individualistic nature of Congress.
-Public opinion polls can be done to measure tư vấn for or opposition to legislation.
-This kind of grassroots lobbying is central to the outsider strategy. It is designed to generate public
pressure on governmental officials.
-Not every issues can lend itself to an outsider strategy because many issues are not easy to get people excited about, but some people will join in grassroots lobbying efforts over controversial matters like abortion, Medicare, and affirmative action.
-Undoubtedly, new politics creates new conflicts, and politicians dislike this controversy. For this reason, they will listen to the constituency or interest group that agrees with them.
-Members of
interest groups also primarily work with legislators that agree with them. For interest groups, the target is the undecided legislator or bureaucrat
-Lobbyists make major efforts to convince an undecided legislator. They will commission public opinion polls, stimulate local citizens, arrange for constituents, or get newspapers to run editorials supporting their position.
-Some groups will deliberately attack actual or potential allies in government in order to embarrass
them.
-Recently, interest groups have placed great emphasis on developing grassroots tư vấn.
MONEY AND PACs:
-Money is probably one of the less effective ways by which interest groups advance their causes! This was not always the case.
-Campaign Finance Laws ended money as an important way to advance causes in two ways:
1. The laws sharply restricted the amount any interest could give to a candidate for federal office.
2. The laws made legal the creation by organizations
of political action committees or PACs that could make political contributions.
-Today there are more than 4,500 PACs. These PACs is headed by a thành viên of Congress who raises money for other candidates (leadership PACs), while the latter type is an “independent expenditure-only committee” that is not allowed to coordinate with candidates or political party leaders (super PACs).
-Commonly organized around ideological views, particular issues, or leading political figures the PACs are set up
by and connected to business corporations, labor unions, or other interest groups that raise and spend chiến dịch money from voluntary donations.
HOW A PAC WORKS:
-Can be formed by: business firms, labor unions, trade associations, and ideological organizations
-Must have least 50 members: Each thành viên can sponsor $5000 per election, the sponsoring firm, association, or ideological group cannot contribute money.
-A PAC that contributes to least five candidates may contribute the
following: $5000 to any federal candidate, $15,000 dollar to any national political party, $5,000 to any state or local party
-Where the money goes: Business PACs give slightly more to Republicans than to Democrats, Labor unions give more than 90% to Democrats, Ideological PACs give to Democrats and Republicans in about equal amounts.
-Some members of Congress tell PACs what to do rather than take orders from them. Members will frequently inform PACs that they expect money from them.
-Almost any kind of organization can form a PAC. Over half of all PACs are corporation or trade association sponsored, 6 percent by labor unions, and the rest by various groups. Ideological PACs have risen rapidly.
-Both parties have become dependent on PAC money. There is no significant research however that PAC contributions affect how members of Congress vote. Most legislators vote on their own ideological beliefs not on what PACs tell them to.
-In 2010, Citizens United v. FEC, the
Supreme Court struck down a law that prohibited independent expenditures by business corporations, organizations, and unions to fund “electioneering communications” within 30 days of a primary and 60 days of a general election.
-In any case, if interest group money makes a difference, it probably makes it on a certain kinds of issues more than others. “Client Politics” are the politics that these groups will most likely be more influential on.
THE “REVOLVING” DOOR:
-Hundreds of
people leave important jobs in the federal government to take more lucrative positions in private industry.
-Many people worry that this “revolving door” may give private interests a way of improperly influencing government decisions. If a federal official uses his or here government position to do something for a corporation in exchange for a cushy job after leaving government than there is a problem.
-Many scandals have emerged concerning corrupt dealings between federal officials and
industry executives.
-Agencies differ in their vulnerability to outside influences.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
-Public display’s and disruptive tactics have always been a part of American politics and interest group activity
-To understand interest group politics, it is important to remember that making trouble has become a quite conventional political resource and is no longer simply the last resort of groups.
-To disrupt the working of some institution so that it is forced to
negotiate with you will come to your aid and press your target to negotiate.
-Government officials dread this kind of trouble and they find themselves in a no-win situation. If they ignore the disruption, they are accused of being insensitive, unresponsive, or arrogant. If they give in, they encourage more demonstrations.
What is lobbying in government quizlet?
lobbying. Definition: The process by which interest group members or lobbyists attempt to influence public policy through contacts with public officials.
Which type of lobbying is typically aimed citizens?
Grassroots Lobbying: An attempt to influence legislation through an attempt to affect the opinions of the general public or any segment of the public.
What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests quizlet?
What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests? Lobbying the state legislature.
Which of the following is an example of lobbying?
Examples of direct lobbying include: Meeting with legislators or their staff to discuss specific legislation. Drafting or negotiating the terms of a bill. Discussing potential contents of legislation with legislators or staff.
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